Tumor cell lysate with low content of HMGB1 enhances immune response of dendritic cells against lung cancer in mice / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the effect of tumor cell lysate (TCL) with low high-mobility group B1 (HMGB1) content for enhancing immune responses of dendritic cells (DCs) against lung cancer.@*METHODS@#TCLs with low HMGB1 content (LH-TCL) and normal HMGB1 content (NH-TCL) were prepared using Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells in which HMGB1 was inhibited with 30 nmol/L glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and using LLC cells without GA treatment, respectively. Cultured mouse DCs were exposed to different doses of NH-TCL and LH-TCL, using PBS as the control. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expressions of CD11b, CD11c and CD86 and apoptosis of the stimulated DCs, and IL-12 levels in the cell cultures were detected by ELISA. Mouse spleen cells were co-cultured with the stimulated DCs, and the activation of the spleen cells was assessed by detecting CD69 expression using flow cytometry; TNF-β production in the spleen cells was detected with ELISA. The spleen cells were then co-cultured with LLC cells at the effector: target ratios of 5:1, 10:1 and 20:1 to observe the tumor cell killing. In the animal experiment, C57/BL6 mouse models bearing subcutaneous LLC xenograft received multiple injections with the stimulated DCs, and the tumor growth was observed.@*RESULTS@#The content of HMGB1 in the TCL prepared using GA-treated LLC cells was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with NH-TCL, LH-TCL showed a stronger ability to reduce apoptosis (P < 0.001) and promote activation and IL- 12 production in the DCs. Compared with those with NH-TCL stimulation, the DCs stimulated with LH-TCL more effectively induced activation of splenic lymphocytes and enhanced their anti-tumor immunity (P < 0.05). In the cell co-cultures, the spleen lymphocytes activated by LH-TCL-stimulated DCs showed significantly enhanced LLC cell killing activity (P < 0.01). In the tumor-bearing mice, injections of LH-TCL-stimulated DCs effectively activated host anti-tumor immunity and inhibited the growth of the tumor xenografts (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Stimulation of the DCs with LH-TCL enhances the anti-tumor immune activity of the DCs and improve the efficacy of DCbased immunotherapy for LLC in mice.

Mitigation effects of red Platycodon grandiflorum extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in splenocytes isolated from mice / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is known to have effective antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The main bioactive components of PG are saponins, and these could contribute to anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of PG. In this study, we aim to assess the anti-inflammatory response to Red PG Extract (RPGE) in splenocytes under ex vivo conditions. METHODS: The cell viability of isolated splenocytes taken from mice was analyzed by performing a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The productions of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10)) were measured utilizing Griess reagent and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: We found that co-treatment with RPGE and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreased isolated splenocyte proliferation as compared with that of the LPS-stimulated control. We also observed that RPGE markedly suppressed NO synthesis and IL-6 production that was induced by LPS. There were no significant differences of IL-10 production between co-treatment with RPGE plus LPS and treatment with LPS alone. CONCLUSION: When taken together, our data has shown that RPGE mitigates LPS-induced inflammation in splenocytes isolated from mice. Further research is surely needed to confirm the anti-inflammation effects of RPGE in an in vivo model.

Protective and therapeutic impact of taurine on some biochemical, immunological and histological parameters in diabetic rats.

Background: Taurine is a non protein amino acid found in most animal tissues. It is a powerful antioxidant which shares in combating the harmful effect of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), associated to many chronic diseases as diabetes mellitus (DM). The disease is characterized by hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders in the body that leads to the release of ROS in the cells. Methods: The present work evaluates the biochemical and immunological role of taurine (500 mg/kg bwt) in ameliorating diabetes harm in rats when compared to the effect of the antidiabetic drug (amaryl). Six groups were established for the experiment. Group1: control rats without any supplementations. Group 2 : diabetic non treated rats. Group 3: rats received taurine for three weeks. Group 4: rats were supplemented with taurine for three weeks then injected streptozotocin (STZ) (prophylactic gp). Group 5: rats were injected with STZ then supplemented with taurine for four weeks (therapeutic gp). Group 6: rats were injected STZ then treated with amaryl drug for four weeks. Serum glucose and insulin levels in addition to liver function enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme were determined. ROS effect was monitored in liver tissue by detecting malondialdhyde resulting from lipid peroxidation and detecting glutathione reductase enzyme activity. With respect to the immunological responses, the thymocytes and splenocytes numbers were counted besides measuring serum IgG level. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed in pancreatic sections. Results: showed the ability of taurine in decreasing glucose level and increasing insulin with the same efficacy as amaryl drug besides affecting liver enzymes and improving the antioxidant system in cells. Taurine also restored the decrease in mean number of thymocytes and splenocytes caused by DM. Sera IgG levels from pre- and post-treatment with taurine showed non significant increase compared to the diabetic non treated group. Conclusion: post-treatment supplemention of taurine is recommended for T2DM.

Immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” with augmentation of IgM production and lymphocytes proliferation:A preliminary study

Objective: To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations,“Saribadi”and“Anantamul Salsa”. Methods: Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with“Saribadi”or“Anantamul Salsa” treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%, 3.00%and 4.00%(v/v)] at 37 ? C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M (IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively. Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B. Results: The doses of“Saribadi”[0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%and 1.00%(v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions (0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 mg/mL vs. control 0.265 mg/mL) and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density (OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of“Anantamul Salsa”[0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%and 1.50%(v/v)] promoted IgM productions (0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 mg/mL vs. control 0.502 mg/mL) and the doses of “Anantamul Salsa” [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00%(v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation (absorbance 0.395, 0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of“Saribadi”and“Anantamul Salsa”was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B. Conclusions: Immunomodulatory activity of “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” was unveiled for the first time.“Saribadi”and“Anantamul Salsa”possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production. These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.

Immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” with augmentation of IgM production and lymphocytes proliferation: A preliminary study

Objective To assess the immunopotentiality of Ayurvedic polyherbal preparations, “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa”. Methods Freshly prepared BALB/c mice splenocytes were cultured with “Saribadi” or “Anantamul Salsa” treatment [doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%, 3.00% and 4.00% (v/v)] at 37 °C for 5 days. The immunoglobulin M (IgM) production and lymphocytes proliferation were determined by ELISA and MTT methods, respectively. Endotoxin contamination was assessed by treating the preparations with polymyxin B. Results The doses of “Saribadi” [0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% (v/v)] significantly increased IgM productions (0.966, 0.728, 0.695 and 0.615 μg/mL vs. control 0.265 μg/mL) and lymphocytes proliferation [absorbance 0.311, 0.394, 0.372 and 0.334 optical density (OD) vs. control 0.162 OD]. Similarly, the doses of “Anantamul Salsa” [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.50% (v/v)] promoted IgM productions (0.933, 0.919, 0.917 and 0.892 μg/mL vs. control 0.502 μg/mL) and the doses of “Anantamul Salsa” [0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00%, and 3.00% (v/v)] stimulated lymphocytes proliferation (absorbance 0.395, 0.326, 0.440, 0.398, 0.452 and 0.355 OD vs. control 0.199 OD). The activity of “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” was not retarded by the treatment of preparations with polymyxin B. Conclusions Immunomodulatory activity of “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” was unveiled for the first time. “Saribadi” and “Anantamul Salsa” possess immunostimulating potential acting through the induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production. These preparations may be useful in strengthening immune responses. However, further cellular and in vivo studies are required.

Effects of berberine and yohimbine on splenocyte apoptosis in septic mice / 中国病理生理杂志

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To observe the effects of berberine and yohimbine on splenocyte apoptosis in septic mice and underlying mechanisms.METHODS:The mice were subjected to cecal ligature and puncture ( CLP) .The drugs or vehi-cle were given intragastrically 2 h after the surgery according to the following 5 groups:sham, CLP, CLP+berberine, CLP+yohimbine, and CLP+berberine+yohimbine.The apoptosis of splenocytes stained by TUNEL was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope 20 h after CLP.The splenic lymphocytes were isolated and observed using flow cytometry. The activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in splenic lymphocytes were detected, and the expression of Fas, Bim, Bcl-2 and Bax in the splenocytes was also determined by Western blotting.RESULTS:The TUNEL staining showed that the apoptotic rate of the splenocytes in septic mice 20 h after CLP was significantly higher than that in sham and CLP+yohimbine groups (P<0.05).Compared with CLP group, the proportion of apoptotic cells was decreased in septic mice in CLP+berberine+yohimbine and CLP+yohimbine groups ( P<0.05) .Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the similar results in the apoptosis of splenocytes and T lymphocytes.However, only yohimbine treatment reduced the apoptosis of B lymphocytes in the spleen of sepsis-challenged mice.Compared with CLP group, caspase-9 activity was significantly re-duced in CLP+berberine group (P<0.05), the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 were all statistically re-duced (P<0.05) in CLP+yohimbine group and CLP+yohimbine+berberine group.CLP significantly increased the ex-pression of cytosolic Fas, Bim and mitochondrial Bax in the splenocytes, and decreased Bcl-2 expression compared with sham group.Compared with CLP group, the expression of cytosolic Bim and mitochondrial Bax in CLP+berberine group were reduced (P<0.05).Fas expression decreased only in CLP+yohimbine group (P<0.05).Berberine combined with yohimbine reduced the expression of cytosolic Fas, Bim and mitochondrial Bax in the septic mouse splenocytes ( P <0.05).CONCLUSION:Yohimbine reduces sepsis-induced splenic lymphocyte apoptosis in mice by inhibiting Fas expres-sion and in turn blocking both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways.Berberine reduces Bim expression and inhibits caspase-9 activation, but not caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in the septic mouse splenocytes.Berberine combined with yohimbine reduces splenocyte apoptosis in the septic mice by inhibiting both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Immunostimulatory Effects of beta-glucan Purified from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115 on Mouse Splenocytes

We investigated the effects of beta-glucan purified from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115 on the viability and proliferation of splenocytes. Splenocytes play a critical role in host immunity. MTT assays and trypan blue exclusion tests revealed that beta-glucan significantly promoted the viability and proliferation of splenocytes over a range of concentrations. However, there was no specific subset change. beta-glucan protected splenocytes from cytokine withdrawal-induced spontaneous cell death. For further mechanistic studies, ELISA assay revealed that beta-glucan enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules and interleukin 7 (IL-7), a cytokine critical for lymphocyte survival. We also investigated the IL-2 dependency of beta-glucan-treated splenocytes to determine if treated cells could still undergo clonal expansion. In flow cytometric analysis, beta-glucan induced increased levels of the activation marker CD25 on the surface of splenocytes and beta-glucan-treated splenocytes showed higher proliferation rates in response to IL-2 treatment. This study demonstrates that beta-glucan can enhance the survival of splenocytes and provides valuable information to broaden the use of beta-glucan in research fields.

Dynamic observation on splenocytes subsets in mice immunized with the transgenic alfalfa vaccine containing Eg95-EgA31 fusion gene of Echinococcus granulosus / 中国人兽共患病学报

To observe changes on subsets of splenocytes in mice immunized with the transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) vaccine containing Eg95-EgA31 fusion gene of Echinococcus granulosus dynamically,the leaf protein was extracted from the transgenic alfalfa by heat-coagulation method and prepared for a solution with a concentration of 20 g/ L.The 132 BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups randomly and immunized intranasally or orally with the leaf protein solution once per 3 days for 2 months.At the same time,the group of intranasal immunization with leaf protein from the non-transgenic alfalfa was set as control group.4 mice randomized from each group were killed to get the spleens at Week 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18 and 20 after last immunization,and the splenocytes were separated to measure CD_4~+and CD_8~+T cell subsets by FCM.In the oral group,CD_4~+subset increased significantly from Week 6 to Week 10 after the last immunization and reached the peak at Week 6.While CD+ 8 subset increased obviously from Week 4 to Week 12 and reached the highest level at Week 8.In the intranasal group,the significant increase of the CD_4~+subset was observed from Week 4 to Week 6 and also reached the peak at Week 6.The similar trend of CD_8~+ subset was observed from Week 4 to Week 10 and reached the highest level at Week 8.It was suggested that CD+ 4and CD+ 8subsets played an important role in the protection induced in mice immunized with the transgenic alfalfa vaccine.

Effects of Ulinastatin on the function of splenic lymphocytes from rats with severe acute pancreatitis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of Ulinastatin(UTI)on the function of splenic lymphocytes from rats with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).Method Twenty-eight Wister rats(clean grade)were randomly divided into control,sham operation,SAP,and ulinastatin group.No operation was performed in control group.And rats with sham-operation received laparotomy and catheterization into choledocho-pancreatic duct without injection of sodium deoxycholic.Rats in ulinastatin group received ulinastatin injection(50000 U/kg)via tail vein 30 minutes after pancreatitis induced with DCA injected into pancreatic duct.Rats ofother groups were given equal volume of saline.At 2,4 hours after operation,all animals were killed by neck dislocation,and splenocytes were isolated and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10%fetal calf serum.Proliferation of splenecytes was determined with MIT cellular proliferation assay.Levels of Th1 cytokines(IL-2,IFN-γ)and Th2 cytokine(IL-10)in supematants of splenoeytesweremeasured by ELISA.Quantitative data were expressed as mean±SE.Statistical analyses were performed by Student's t test with SPSS software(version 10.0 for Windows).A P value less than 0.05 Was considered statistically significant. Results The concentration of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ and proliferative activity of splenocytes in SAP group were significantly lower than that in sham operation group.In contrast,the proliferative as well as the eytokine-releasing capacities of the solenecms from rats treated with UTI were significantly increased compared with those from rats with SAP.Conclusions The deficiencies in proliferation and cytokine release in response to antigen stimulation inaplys an anergic state of splenocytes during SAP.Treatment with UTI contributed to the recovery of the immune function by improving proliferative responses and cytokine release of splenocytes.

Effect of Hizikia Fusiforme Water Extracts on Mouse Immune Cell Activation

Hizikia fusiforme (sea weed fusiforme) has long been used for food source in this country. This study was performed to evalute the immunomodulative effects of Hizikia fusiforme (sea weed fusiforme) in mouse, using in vivo experiments. In vivo experiment, different concentration (0, 50, 500 mg/kg B.W.) of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts were orally administrated into mouse every other day for two weeks. The proliferation of mouse splenocytes, the production of three cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) secreted by activated macrophage. Splenocyte proliferation was enhanced in mouse orally administrated with 50 mg/kg B.W. and 500 mg/kg B.W. concentration compared to that of control group. Especially, the highest proliferation of spleoncyte was seen from the mouse orally administrated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg B.W. Also, the mouse of Hizikia fusiforme water extracts supplementation group in the both concentrations showed enhanced levels of cytokine production by activated peritoneal macrophages compared to those in control group. The highest level of cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) production was observed at 50 mg/kg B.W. supplementation group with LPS stimulation in all cases.

Effects of recombinant BCG-Em Ⅱ/3 vaccine on apoptosis of splenocytes in mice challenged with Echinococcus multilocularis / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To detect the effects of recombinant BCG-Em Ⅱ/3 vaccine on apoptosis of splenocytes in mice challenged with protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis.Methods:BALB/C mice were immunized with rBCG-Em Ⅱ/3 vaccine by subcutaneous injection or intranasal inoculation.After 8 weeks of immunization,all the mice were challenged with 50 protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis by intraperitoneal injection.On the 18th week after infection,mice were killed to separate splenocytes and stimulated with ConA for 16～18h,then apoptosis of splenocytes was detected by Annexin V-FITC staining methods.Results:Apoptotic rate of splenocytes in all groups with or without ConA stimulation was obviously lower than that of PBS group(P

Dynamic observation on subsets of splenocytes in mice by immunization with mixed recombinant BCG-EmⅡ/3 and BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine of echinococcus multilocularis / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To dynamically observe changes of subsets of splenocytes in mice by immunization with mixed recombinant BCG-EmⅡ/3 and BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine of Echinococcus multilocularis(Em).Methods:BALB/C mice were intranasally vacci- nated with the vaccine and killed to get spleen at 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16 and 18w of immunization respectively.Splenocytes were.separated to measure subsets of CD_4~+ and CD_8~+T cells by FACsort,PBS served as control.Results:In the groups of im- munization,CD_4~+ and CD_8~+subsets increased obviously at 2～12w and 2-18w respectively,which reached the highest level at 6 and 10w respectively.Conclusion:The number of CD_4~+ subsets of splenocytes increases remarkably in the early stage (2～6week)by immunization with mixed recombinant BCG-EmⅡ/3 and BCG-Em14-3-3 vaccine.

Effects of whole-body irradiation with X-rays on apoptosis in mouse splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the effects of whole-body irradiation(WBI)with different doses of X-rays on apoptosis in mouse splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages.Methods The apoptosis percentages of mouse splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages were detected with flow cytometry(FCM)at different time after the whole-body X-irradiation using the staining of Annexin-V and PI.Results As compared with the control,the percentage of apoptosis in mouse splenocytes began to increase gradually 24 h after WBI with 2 Gy X-rays(P

Ginsenoside-Ro enhances cell proliferation and modulates Th1/Th2 cytokines production in murine splenocytes / 药学学报

Aim To study the effects of ginsenoside-Ro on cell proliferation and cytokine production in murine splenocytes. Methods The effect of ginsenoside-Ro on murine splenocytes proliferation was studied using [3 H] thymidine incorporation assay. Effects of ginsenoside-Ro on the production of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) from murine splenocytes were detected by ELISA method. Effects of ginsenoside-Ro on mRNA level of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and Th2cytokine IL-4 were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.Results Ginsenoside-Ro showed no mitogenic effect on unstimulated murine splenocytes. It enhanced the proliferation of Con A-induced murine splenocytes and the production of IL-2 at concentrations of 1 - 10decreased the production and expression of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in Con A-induced murine splenocytes at regulating the production and expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in murine splenocytes.

Effects of Job's Tear(Yul-Moo) Extracts on Mouse Immune Cell Activation

Natural products are increasingly appreciated as a lead for drug discovery and development. A number of investigators have studied various activities of natural products and have found that they have not only nutritional effects but also beneficial properties to cure various diseases and to maintain good health. Job's Tear(Yul-Moo) is a grass crop that have long been used in traditional medicine and a nourishing food. Job's Tear has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory, stomachic, antiallergic activity, and antispastic effects and has been used in China for the treatment of warts, rheumatism, and neuralgia although its mechanism remains unclear. Previous results in our laboratory demonstrated that the ethanol extract and water extract of Job's Tear exerted an immune regulatory function on mice cells in vitro. The present study was performed to investigate the ex vivo effect of Job's Tear on immune function. Seven to eight weeks old mices(Balb/c) were fed ad libitum on chow diet and water extract of Job's Tear were orally administrated every other day for two or four weeks at two different concentrations (50 and 500mg/kg B.W.). Proliferation of mice spenocytes and antibody production to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) using hemolytic plague forming cell assay were used to indicate the immune activity. Splenocytes proliferation of Job's Tear with mitogen stimulation such as Con A and LPS was enhanced at 50 mg/kg B.W. concentrations compared to those of control group. In case of antibody production to sheep red blood cells, the number of antibody- secreting cells was increased by administration of 50mg/kg B.W. concentration in mice immunized as a T-dependent antigen. From the present study, Job's Tear water extracts may be suggested to stimulate the mice immune response by enhancing the splenocytes proliferation and the number of plague forming cells.

Application of MTT technique in assessment of splenocyte protective effects of the extracts from Polygonum multiflorum and Chrysanthemum indicum

Oxidative stress plays a role in pathogenesis of series of diseases, particularly in induction of cell membrane injuries and modification of DNA of lymphocytes, leading to the cell's loss. In this paper we presented the results obtained from the application of MTT technique in cell culture to assess the antioxidative activities of the extracts from Polygonum multiflorum and Chrysanthemum indicum on cultured murines splenocytes

Effect of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe Extracts on Mice Immune Cell Activation

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used as a raw material in many traditional preparations since the ancient time. As a component of traditional health products, Ginger is known to be effective as appetite enhancer, anticold and anti-inflammation. This study was performed to investigate the immunomodulative effects of Ginger in mouse, using in vitro and ex vivo experiments. In vitro experiment, the mice splenocytes proliferation and three kinds of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) prodution by peritoneal macrophages cultured with ethanol and water extracts of Ginger were used to indicate the immunomodulative effect. In order to elucidate the immunomodulative effects of Ginger ex vivo, water extract of Ginger was orally administrated into mice, and isolated splencytes and macrophages were used as experimental model. Ex vivo experiment, six to seven week old mice were fed ad libitum on a chow diet, and water extract of Ginger was orally administrated every other day for four weeks at two different concentractions (50 and 500 mg/kg B.W./day). In vitro study, the splenocytes proliferation was increased when water extract was supplemented in the range of 50-500 microliter/ml concentration. In case of cytokines production, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha released by activated peritoneal macrophages were augmented by the supplementation of water extract of the Ginger. Ex vivo experiment, the highest proliferation of splenocytes and production of cytokines by activated peritoneal macrophages were seen in the mice orally administrated at the concentration of 500 mg/kg B.W./day. In conclusion, this study suggests that Ginger extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation and enhancing the cytokine prodution capacity by activated macrophages in mice.

Effects of whole body irradiation with X-rays on the expression of TfR on lymphocytes in spleens of mice / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To explore effect of TfR on immune function after ionizing by investigating changes in TfR expression on splenic lymphocytes of mice after whole body irradiation (WBI) with different dose X-rays. Methods: Direct immunoflurescence antibodies and flow cytometry were used to examine the changes of TfR expression. Results: The cell number of TfR positive expression in spleens increased significantly at 24 hours and 72 hours after WBI with 75 mGy X-rays but the cell number of TfR positive expression in spleens decreased significantly at 24 hours after WBI with 1～6 Gy X-rays. The activity of IL-2, meanwhile, demonstrated a parallel change. Conclusion: These results suggest that the TfR enhances immune function in low dose ionizing radiation but suppresses immune function in high dose. The change of TfR expression may be due to the change of IL-2 activity caused by ionizing radiation.

Effect of chicken collagen type II on collagen-induced arthritis in mice / 中国药理学通报

AIM: To investigate the effect of chicken collagen type II (C II) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. METHODS: The model of mice CIA was prepared and the change of the mean of arthritis scores was observed. Meanwhile, ConA and LPS-induced, splenocytes proliferation and the production of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-2 were measured. RESULT: CII [5, 10, 20 μg·kg-1ig × 7 d] significantly decreased the mean of arthritis scores, inhibited the increased ConA-induced splenocytes proliferation as well as the elevated production of IL-1 and IL- 2. Meanwhile, the pathological examination showed that articulus cartilage degeneration with synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in CIA mice was suppressed by ig C II . CONCLUSION: C II has therapeutical effect on mice CIA which may be related to its immunoregulative function.

Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside, Rb1, for antigen-specific immune responses / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng saponins are effective in increasing the synthesis of serum proteins, in cellular proliferation, in producing antibody against sheep red blood cells, and in various cancer. However, there have been no reports yet on the immunomodulating activity of this allergic disease. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to find the immunomodulating activity of a single highly purified ginsenoside, Rb1, by using ovalbumin(OVA) as the antigen. METHOD: BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA containing the alum or ginsenoside, Rb1, twice per 2wk interval. Antigen-specific antibodies and IgG subclasses were determined from serum recovered by cardiac puncture 2 wk after the second immunization by using ELISA method. Antigen-specific cellular proliferation and cytokines were quantified from splenotes obtained from spleens immunized. Cytokine level in cell culture supernatants were determined by ELISA method. NK cell cytotoxicity was generated by co-culture of splenic mononuclear cells against YAC-1 cells as target cells. Hemolytic activity of Rb1 was determined by an in vitro assay using sheep red blood cells. RESULTS: BALB/c mice immunized with OVA plus Rb1 produced significantly higher titers of antibodies than mice immunized with alum-adsorbed antigen. Rb1 remarkably increased titers in IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. Antigen-specific proliferative response was more significantly increased with the use of Rb1 than with alum-adsorbed antigen. Rb1 reduced IL-4 production, increased IL-10 production more than alum-adsorbed OVA, but did not affect the IFN-gamma production. High concentration of Rb1 increased the splenic mononuclear cells that were capable of killing YAC-1 cells. Rb1 did not stimulate the production of reaginic antibody (IgE) but alum was able to induce it. Rb1 did not show any hemolytic activity up to 500microgram/ml. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the highly purified ginsenoside extracted from Korean Red Ginseng Radix, Rb1, can actively influence the switch of Igs produced by OVA. The data also suggest that Rb1 may be an immunosurveillant in NK cytotoxic activity.